Photovoltaics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiationinto direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cellscontaining a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics includemonocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, andcopper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the increased demand for renewable energysources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.
Solar photovoltaics is a sustainable energy source.[1] By the end of 2011, a total of 67.4 GW had been installed, sufficient to generate 85 TWh/year.[2] And by end of 2012, the 100 GW installed capacity milestone was achieved.[3] Solar photovoltaics is now, after hydro and wind power, the third most important renewable energy source in terms of globally installed capacity. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (either building-integrated photovoltaics or simply rooftop).
Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured,[4] and the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries.[5] With current technology, photovoltaics recoup the energy needed to manufacture them in 1 to 4 years.[6]
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Solar cells[edit]
Main article: Solar cell
Photovoltaics are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons. The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light exciting electrons into a higher state of energy, allowing them to act as charge carriers for an electric current. The photovoltaic effect was first observed byAlexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839.[8][9] The term photovoltaic denotes the unbiased operating mode of a photodiode in which current through the device is entirely due to the transduced light energy. Virtually all photovoltaic devices are some type of photodiode.
Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sun light which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modulesare used for grid connected power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC. There is a smaller market for off-grid power for remote dwellings, boats,recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, andcathodic protection of pipelines.
Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cellscontaining a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics includemonocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, andcopper indium gallium selenide/sulfide.[10] Copper solar cables connect modules (module cable), arrays (array cable), and sub-fields. Because of the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.[11][12][13]
Cells require protection from the environment
Photovoltaics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiationinto direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cellscontaining a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics includemonocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, andcopper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the increased demand for renewable energysources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.
Solar photovoltaics is a sustainable energy source.[1] By the end of 2011, a total of 67.4 GW had been installed, sufficient to generate 85 TWh/year.[2] And by end of 2012, the 100 GW installed capacity milestone was achieved.[3] Solar photovoltaics is now, after hydro and wind power, the third most important renewable energy source in terms of globally installed capacity. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (either building-integrated photovoltaics or simply rooftop).
Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured,[4] and the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries.[5] With current technology, photovoltaics recoup the energy needed to manufacture them in 1 to 4 years.[6]
Contents |
Solar cells[edit]
Main article: Solar cell
Photovoltaics are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons. The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light exciting electrons into a higher state of energy, allowing them to act as charge carriers for an electric current. The photovoltaic effect was first observed byAlexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839.[8][9] The term photovoltaic denotes the unbiased operating mode of a photodiode in which current through the device is entirely due to the transduced light energy. Virtually all photovoltaic devices are some type of photodiode.
Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sun light which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modulesare used for grid connected power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC. There is a smaller market for off-grid power for remote dwellings, boats,recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, andcathodic protection of pipelines.
Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cellscontaining a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics includemonocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, andcopper indium gallium selenide/sulfide.[10] Copper solar cables connect modules (module cable), arrays (array cable), and sub-fields. Because of the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.[11][12][13]
Cells require protection from the environment
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